UEL Clinical Psychology (ClinPsy) Screening Practice Test

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• Which dispersion measure is half the distance between the first and third quartiles?
• Which statistic represents the middle score in a distribution?
• Which dispersion measure is the square of the standard deviation?
• Which sampling method selects sample members to study because they possess attributes important to understanding the research topic?
• Which concept describes a distribution's peakedness or flatness relative to a normal curve?
• Which term best describes the systematic study of how to measure mental constructs and the reliability of those measures?
• Non-parametric tests are appropriate when data are which of the following?
• Which of the following describes any measurable conditions, events, characteristics, or behaviors that are controlled or observed in a study?
• Which concept refers to protecting participants' identity by ensuring data cannot be linked back to them?
• Which qualitative approach is described as not dependent on a specific epistemology and can be used in a variety of ways on a variety of data types?
• What is the stated purpose of applying epsilon to degrees of freedom in the source material?
• When groups are not equivalent because of pre-existing differences, the study suffers from what?
• Which term describes a design that systematically manipulates more than one independent variable to study potential interaction effects?
• Which dispersion measure equals the square of the standard deviation?
• What term describes a small, manageable number of subjects that represent the population?
• Degree to which study results can be generalized to and across the people in the target population is termed what?
• What statistical method is used to determine whether a relationship exists between variables and to assess the strength of that relationship?
• Which methods are post-hoc comparison tests?
• A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample.
• In a matched-pairs design, why are participants matched on key characteristics before assignment?
• The degree to which a study's findings were obtained under conditions typical of everyday life is called what?
• Which option best represents the practice that protects a participant's right to withdraw from a study or their data?
• One suggested approach to reduce skew in data prior to testing is which of the following?
• Which group is not exposed to the treatment and serves as a baseline for comparison?
• Which level of measurement is considered interval-type with meaningful proportions and an absolute zero?
• A statistic for estimating a test's reliability that depends largely on how people vary on individual items relative to overall test variance; a low alpha indicates unreliability.
• Which sampling method is most likely to be biased because selection is not random and may reflect researchers' preferences?
• What is a one-tailed hypothesis?
• In ANOVA, each group within the sample is normally distributed. Which statement best describes this assumption?
• Degrees of freedom relate to how many independent values are used to estimate a parameter. Which statement best captures this concept?
• Which order effect is stronger in one particular sequence, making counterbalancing ineffective?
• What is the average of a set of values calculated by summing and dividing by the count?
• Which term describes the design feature that neither researchers nor participants know treatment allocation, helping prevent bias?
• In one-way ANOVA, a larger SS_between / SStotal indicates what about the effect?
• Which term describes the factor whose effect is being studied?
• Which statistic is a parametric measure of the strength and direction of the linear relationship between two interval-level variables?
• What is a potential consequence of using deception in psychological research?
• Which plot provides a box-like representation with whiskers to summarize a dataset?
• Which design is especially susceptible to order effects if counterbalancing is not used?
• Which type of variance is related to a confounding variable?
• Which of the following is an assumption of the chi-square test?
• Which distribution is described as scores concentrated in the high end (right) of the distribution?
• Sphericity is a concern for which analysis?
• Which chart type displays the distribution of a single quantitative variable by grouping data into bins?
• Which sampling technique is a variation on purposive sampling in which participants are asked to recommend acquaintances for the study?
• Which statement about sphericity is true?
• Which exploratory data chart shows the median, central spread, and location of relative extremes?
• Which principle focuses on maintaining high standards of competence and working within the recognized limits of knowledge and experience?
• Which principle addresses the avoidance of harm and the prevention of misuse of one's contributions to society?
• Extent to which findings can be generalized to real-world settings is known as what?
• In psychology measurement, what term refers to scientific measuring instruments that yield a single score on a scale?
• Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis attempts to describe an individual's perspective on, and understanding of, the world, while recognising the constructive role of the researcher in the interpretation of that individual's experience is?
• What are the categories into which a continuous data scale can be divided to summarize frequencies called?
• Which sampling technique selects all individuals from randomly chosen clusters?
• focuses on the ways people construct individual versions of events and construct their worlds using rhetorical devices and strategies in their talk is?
• What test assesses whether variances in two populations are equal in a two-sample comparison?
• What is the term for the magnitude, or strength, of the relationship between two or more variables?
• What is the term for a research design that involves a comparison like an experiment but without random assignment of participants to groups?
• Nonparametric tests are said to have what percentage of the power of their parametric counterparts on average?
• Baseline measure is used to compare treated participants to what reference condition?
• Which term best describes a threat to internal validity arising from outside events unrelated to manipulation?
• Sampling distributions are typically distributions of means of samples rather than of what?
• Which chart type is best for showing changes over time for groups?
• Threats to external validity arising from subjects' responses to being studied are known as what?
• Eta squared is a measure of:
• Which chart type is used to summarize categorical data with statistics such as mean or percentages?
• Mean deviation is a measure of what property?
• Bonferroni t-tests are used to do what in multiple comparisons?
• What feature of a psychometric test should discriminate as widely as possible across the variety of human response?
• Which form of validity concerns generalizing findings to different populations?
• Which level of measurement arranges cases in rank positions?
• Which field provides the methodological basis for designing, evaluating, and applying measurement instruments in psychology?
• Which test is suitable for related data when differences between paired observations cannot be assumed to be interval-level?
• In a study where two groups are created without random assignment and differ on a skill relevant to the DV, this issue is called?
• The chi-square test is designed to test the association between:
• What is a list of individuals from which the sample is drawn?
• Non-parametric tests are used in which situations?
• What is the term for the amount by which a particular score differs from the mean of its set?
• In data coding, what is the primary purpose?
• Quota sampling, snowball sampling, critical cases, focus groups, and panels are examples of what kind of sampling techniques?
• Which scale has no discrete steps; theoretically, all points along the scale are meaningful?
• Which analysis identifies clusters of related items and reveals the underlying dimensions of performance?
• Which description best defines MANOVA?
• In a regression model, the variable you aim to predict is:
• Which concept involves the researcher reflecting on their own assumptions and biases and on how the research findings may have been shaped by the chosen methods?
• In a two-sample t-test, the dependent variable should be measured on which scale?
• Sphericity describes which condition?
• Which research method examines how variables are naturally related in the real world without attempting to assign causation?
• Power of a statistical test is defined as which of the following?
• What is the term for an estimate of the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of a statistic?
• What term refers to describing the procedures used to define research variables?
• A design that is a common form of blocking for comparing just two treatments, where each subject in a pair may be randomly assigned to receive one of the treatments, is called what?
• In long-term studies on children some effects can become either accentuated or obscured because children in either the control or experimental groups are maturing at different rates. This threat is known as?
• In a measure that contains several items, the consistency in a pattern of answers despite how a question is phrased is called internal reliability.
• What term describes enhanced memory performance on a test when the material has been tested previously?
• A threat to internal validity that refers to any outside event not part of the manipulation that could be responsible for the results is called?
• Which ANOVA design accommodates repeated measurements on the same subjects?
• Line charts are useful for plotting the progress of groups over several measurement intervals. Which chart type best matches this description?
• Which scale uses checkmark items that respondents assign a numerical value to indicate how favorable or unfavorable a statement is?
• What is the Type II error in hypothesis testing?
• What is a main effect?
• The number of individual scores that can vary without changing the sample mean is known as what? Statistically written as 'N-1' where N is the number of subjects.
• Which concept describes the phenomenon where the order in which participants experience conditions affects study outcomes?
• Which sampling type is defined as a sample selected on the basis of members' own action in arriving at the sampling point?
• Epsilon is a statistic used to adjust for violations of which assumption?
• What term describes the deviation of individual scores within each group from the group mean that is not due to a confounding variable?
• Collinearity refers to what problem in regression analysis?
• Which distribution is described as scores piling up on the left side and tapering off to the right?
• According to the material, which skew corresponds to a concentration of scores toward the higher end?
• Which sampling method is a biased technique where participants are asked to recommend acquaintances for the study?
• Which response format asks respondents to choose the score (for example 1 to 5) that best represents their level of agreement?
• What is the degree to which a test measures what it claims to be measuring?
• A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.
• Which property asks whether an instrument measures what it is intended to measure?
• The degree to which changes in the dependent variable are due to the manipulation of the independent variable describes which concept?
• What is a two-tailed hypothesis?
• Which term is defined as a statistic used when the sphericity assumption is violated?
• What is the most frequently occurring value(s) in a distribution?
• Which design compares two separate groups: experimental vs control?
• Which sampling method uses respondents who are readily accessible to the researcher, such as employees, friends, or relatives?
• Which term best describes research in which participants are substantially involved in the investigative process as active enquirers?
• Which scale is characterized by not all subdivisions being meaningful and often only whole units can be measured (for example, number of children)?
• Which statistic is defined as the average value obtained by adding all values and dividing by the count?
• Which description best matches a descriptive study with limited control over variables?
• Which level of measurement uses numbers as labels for categories with no inherent order?
• Which dispersion measure is the proportion of non-modal values to all values?
• Three sensory conditions (no noise, moderate noise, loud noise) illustrate what aspect of the experimental design?
• Which term refers to entities that cannot be directly observed but are inferred on the basis of empirical evidence?
• In ANOVA, the F ratio is the ratio of which variances?
• The outcome factor that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable is called what?
• The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied is called what?
• One-way ANOVA is used in designs with how many independent variables?
• What term describes the phenomenon where the order of presenting experimental conditions influences study outcomes?
• Which statistic is commonly used to estimate internal consistency and may be low if item variance is high relative to total test variance?
• Which sampling method selects items at a fixed interval from a list after a random start?
• What is meant by regression coefficients in a multiple regression model?
• Which test is designed for related samples such as repeated measures or matched pairs?
• What does the regression coefficient represent in a simple linear regression?
• Which nonprobability sampling technique selects participants from groups arbitrarily within each group?
• Which test is used for related samples with ordinal data?
• Which sampling approach is described as potentially biased due to opportunity and self-selection?
• Which issue arises in designs where participants experience several conditions and the order may influence outcomes?
• A form of validity that is concerned with how well results apply to real-world contexts and everyday life settings is called what?
• ANOVA when at least one of the factors is related (repeated measures) is called which design?
• Which distribution is described as a symmetrical bell-shaped curve?
• Rejection of a true null hypothesis is known as which error?
• What is the name of the statistic used when the sphericity assumption is violated?
• Which concept represents the extent to which respondents can tell what the items are measuring?
• Which test is used for a parametric difference between two related sets of scores (repeated measures or matched pairs)?
• Which nonparametric test is a nonparametric version of the t-test for independent samples?
• This threat to internal validity refers to participant dropout rates that could differ across conditions.
• Which statistical test is used when there are two or more dependent variables?
• Tendency for people to agree with test items as a habitual response is called the response acquiescence set.
• Which consequence is described for applying epsilon to degrees of freedom?
• Which design holds all other variables constant and uses random allocation to isolate cause and effect?
• What is the assumption about variances for the standard two-sample t-test?
• Which research design is primarily concerned with analyzing data trends before and after an intervention to infer effects?
• What is the conventional significance level (alpha) commonly used in social sciences?
• Which term concerns whether a measurement tool actually measures the intended concept?
• A design specifically tailored to include only one participant in the study is known as what?
• Which design allows individual scores in one condition to be directly paired with scores in another condition (within-subjects design)?
• Which level of measurement uses numbers solely to label categories with no quantitative meaning?
• Which graph is described as a frequency distribution where data points are connected by straight lines?
• Which term describes a measure that represents the typical response of a group (such as mean, median, or mode)?
• What is the p-value in hypothesis testing?
• A correlation coefficient near zero can occur even when there is:
• Which sampling method would you use to ensure subgroups are represented proportionally to the national population?
• Which property asks whether an instrument produces the same readings in the same circumstances (consistency)?
• A bar chart displays a summary statistic for a categorical variable, such as the mean score of several groups. What term describes this chart?
• What characterizes a multi-factorial ANOVA?
• Validity concerns the truth of the inferences about the relationships between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Which term best captures this description?
• Which of the following is one of the British Psychological Society's four ethical principles?
• In regression, the coefficients are chosen to:
• Which sampling method divides the population into subgroups and weights them based on national demographic characteristics?
• In hypothesis testing, what does Beta represent?
• Which term describes the process where a sampling method yields a non-representative sample due to bias?
• Epsilon does what to the degrees of freedom when applied?
• Which sampling term denotes the list of individuals from which the sample is drawn?
• Which term concerns the reliability of a measurement tool, i.e., its consistency across trials?
• Which analysis compares mean values of a dependent variable across multiple categories or groups?
• Which term describes a sample that fairly represents the population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion?
• What is the rejection region in hypothesis testing?
• In multiple regression, what is the purpose of selecting a particular combination of regression coefficients?
• A distribution with more than one mode is called what?
• Research ethical principles such as those devised by which organization are commonly cited in psychology?
• True or False: Sphericity implies that the differences between condition scores have equal variance.
• Which interval-type scale has a meaningful proportion and usually an absolute zero?
• Which principle involves honesty, accuracy, clarity and fairness in professional and scientific endeavours?
• What is an interaction effect?
• Which dispersion measure equals the square root of the average squared deviations from the mean?
• What measure describes how many standard deviations a raw score is from the mean?
• Which effect occurs when the influence of one factor changes across levels of another factor?
• Pearson's r is best described as:
• What term describes a design where more than one independent variable is manipulated?
• Eta squared (n^2) is an effect size that expresses what?
• Which of the following is a measure of central tendency?
• A set of procedures that are the same for all participants to enable replication is called what?
• A quantitative method that pools the results of many studies to estimate the overall effect size is known as what?
• Which concept states that the distribution of sample averages tends to be normal regardless of the shape of the population distribution?
• Which choice best captures the idea of sphericity?
• What interview type has a list of questions worked out in advance but allows follow-up questions and yields rich data?
• The Z value is defined as:
• Which reliability concept concerns the stability of test scores over time?
• Which term refers to participants' anxiety that their performance is being evaluated?
• What is the middle value of a distribution, with half the scores above and half below?
• What term refers to variables consisting of numbers that represent the conceptual variables?
• Cohen's d is an effect size that describes the difference between two means in terms of which metric?
• What is the null hypothesis in statistical testing?
• Which interview method uses structured questions but may be tailored in response to answers and seeks to test a specific hypothesis?
• Which action will reliably increase the power of a statistical test?
• In a matched pairs design, how are participants allocated to conditions?
• Which design uses just one or a few subjects, collecting baseline data during an initial control condition, applying the treatment, then reinstating the original control condition to verify that changes were caused by the intervention?
• A variable in which cases are placed into independent, separate categories is known as which type of variable?
• What term refers to the concept that every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected for the study?
• In longitudinal studies, the threat where age-related changes could account for observed differences is known as?
• The variances of the differences between all pairs of treatment conditions being similar is an aspect of what concept?
• Which method describes respondents who are conveniently available and do not involve random selection?
• What does ANOVA stand for?
• Which term describes the variable that is the outcome and may change as a result of the manipulation?
• Which ethical concept requires researchers to inform participants about the study, its procedures, potential risks and their rights before participation?
• The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior is known as?
• Which analysis handles multiple dependent variables simultaneously?
• What is the mean of a data set with its most extreme 5% of values removed called?
• Which term refers to a threat to internal validity due to differential dropout across treatment groups?
• Which statement about parametric and nonparametric tests is accurate?
• Any aspects of a study that communicate to the participants how the experimenter wants them to behave are known as?
• Which term describes the overall shape of a distribution in terms of height and width (platykurtic, normal, leptokurtic)?
• Which principle emphasizes the dignity and worth of all persons and attention to privacy and self-determination?
• Which term refers to the data collected before any manipulation to serve as a comparison point for post-manipulation results?
• Multiple regression is a statistical technique that includes:
• A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test to identify different dimensions underlying someone's total score is known as?
• Debriefing is the process that involves what?
• The Spearman's rho correlation is used when:
• Which term refers to the measurement of the dependent variable prior to the administration of the experimental treatment?
• Which reliability concept concerns consistency of results across test items regardless of wording?
• Which method involves generating theory from data by creating categories in which to place data and then looking for relationships among categories, requiring saturated analysis to extract the fullest local explanatory framework?
• The chi-square test is a statistical method for testing the association between two categorical variables. It specifically tests the equality of which?
• Which term describes tests a measurement tool to see how reliable it is?
• Which statement describes the benefit of larger samples in statistical testing?
• Which term describes a set of measures used to quantify a construct in a standard way, yielding a numeric score?
• Which concept refers to a special case that may highlight things related to most non-special cases?
• Counterbalancing would be ineffective in which type of order effect?
• Which graph is used to organize and display data so that the frequencies can be compared?
• In a multi-factorial design, what term refers to an independent variable?
• Which term describes the distribution of the means of many samples rather than the original scores?
• The nonparametric counterpart to the independent-samples t-test is which test?
• A higher value of R in regression indicates what about the fit between observed and predicted values?
• In which type of design is sphericity particularly relevant?
• Which analysis attempts to describe an individual's perspective on the world while recognizing the constructive role of the researcher in interpretation?
• What are the conventional f2 values for small, medium, and large effect sizes in regression?
• If participants alter their behavior simply because they know they are being observed, this is an example of which issue?
• What does factorial ANOVA analyze?
• Which interview method has no fixed set of questions and no systematic scoring, focusing on probing the applicant?
• Which term describes intrinsic variations among participants that can influence measurements of the dependent variable?
• Which scale appears interval but does not guarantee equal intervals across the construct?
• What is the term for the range around a sample estimate that is likely to contain the true population value?
• Which condition is listed as an assumption of ANOVA regarding sampling?
• What is the single-sample t test used for?
• Groups of people differing in age (or other attribute) are studied at the same point in time.
• What does the t test for independent samples assess?
• The systematic assignment of numbers or letters to items to classify and organize them is called what?
• When neither researchers nor participants are aware of group assignments, what is this design called?
• Which of the following is an example of a categorical variable?
• Which design isolates cause by holding variables constant and randomizing participants to conditions?
• Which group is designed so participants believe they are receiving treatment but receive a placebo?
• A method of controlling for order effects in a repeated-measures design by either including all orders of treatment or by randomly determining the order for each subject is called?
• What does the interquartile range measure?
• A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole.
• Which test is used for related samples and ordinal data in testing differences?
• Which sampling method divides the population into clusters, randomly selects some clusters, and surveys all subjects within the chosen clusters?
• What statistic is the difference between the maximum and minimum values in a dataset?
• Which term describes the standards used to interpret a test score based on normative data?
• Which term describes an order effect that is stronger in one particular sequence, making counterbalancing ineffective?
• In regression, predictor variables are commonly called:
• What term denotes the likelihood of conclusively demonstrating an effect if one exists?
• Do parametric tests require underlying assumptions to be met?
• A key challenge of unrelated (between-groups) designs is achieving equivalence across groups. This is typically addressed by which of the following?
• What term describes the variables that are deliberately manipulated in an experiment?
• Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true is called what?
• Which issue arises when the measurement instrument changes due to prior usage, potentially biasing results?
• What are a priori and post hoc comparisons used for after an overall ANOVA?
• Which measure describes the precision of a statistic by describing the spread of its sampling distribution?
• Which design uses separate groups for each condition with no direct pairing across conditions?
• Personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind are called projective tests.
• What is the field that studies the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits?
• Which statement best describes the assumptions of parametric tests?
• Baseline measure is the performance expected when no level of the independent variable is applied. Which option best reflects this concept?
• An inductive method of generating theory from data by creating categories in which to place data and then looking for relationships among categories; requires saturated analysis to extract the fullest local explanatory framework is?
• Correlation measures the extent to which two variables co-vary. Which statement is true?
• Which term refers to data values that lie far from the rest of the dataset, typically defined as more than 1.5 times the IQR from the quartile boundaries?
• Which statement is an assumption of the two-sample t-test regarding population distributions?
• In a one-way ANOVA, effect size can be expressed as SS_between / SS_total. What interpretation corresponds to this ratio?
• Which statement is an assumption of the two-sample t-test?
• An experiment in which either the subjects or those who interact with them and measure responses know which treatment was given, but not both, is described as what?
• In a factorial design, which effect describes the influence of a single factor across all levels of other factors?
• Which statement best summarizes the relationship between epsilon and sphericity from the source text?
• A histogram is a way of showing the pattern of the whole data set to a reader. It communicates information about which aspect?
• What is the post-experiment explanation provided to participants, including any deception?
• What is the term for a statement of the procedures used to define research variables?
• The degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain it's supposed to cover is known as?
• Failing to detect a genuine effect when it exists is called what?
• Distance between the first and third quartiles in a distribution is known as what?
• involves intervention in human systems, and recognises the researcher's power to effect beneficial change is?
• What term describes how far an individual score is from the mean?
• Which statistical test is used to evaluate the size and significance of the difference between two means?
• A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.
• Which research design allows the same group to be compared over time by considering the trend before and after manipulation?
• Which statistical technique is used to test the probability that an observed difference occurred by chance?
• If sphericity is violated, which approach is used to adjust the analysis?
• Which term describes the measures that are directly observed or recorded in a study?
• A selection interview that consists of a predetermined set of questions for the interviewer to ask is known as what?
• In regression analysis, which statistic reflects the strength of the relationship between the predictors and the dependent variable?
• A particular type of probability sample in which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, in any combination.
• What is the measure of variation defined as the sum of deviation of each value from the mean?
• Spearman's rho is which type of correlation measure?
• A condition where a placebo is used to mimic treatment, and participants believe they are receiving active therapy is called what?
• In a two-sample t-test, the grouping variable should be which type?
• A study that collects data from different age groups at a single time point to compare outcomes uses which design?
• Which analysis focuses on language use to study how social realities are produced through talk?
• What is a simple effect?
• Which type of data take on names or labels (such as color or gender) and cannot be averaged?
• Which approach is described as involving intervention in human systems and recognizing the researcher's power to effect beneficial change?
• The result established from a control condition when no manipulation of the IV occurs is called what?
• A measure of consistency over several different occasions is termed external reliability.
• A threat to internal validity that occurs when a measuring instrument changes over time due to prior use is called what?
• Which statement best describes the effect of extreme values on the range?
• A table of cutoff scores on the t distribution for degrees of freedom and significance levels is known as which table?
• What term describes the numbers of cases in specific categories?
• Which ANOVA assumption refers to the requirement that variances across groups be similar?
• Which level of measurement corresponds to equal changes in the variable for each unit on a scale?
• Which term refers to stable individual differences among participants that can confound results if not controlled?
• In a one-way ANOVA, the null hypothesis states that:
• What is the non-parametric equivalent of a one-way ANOVA?
• What is the technical and general term for any measure of the spread of values in a dataset or population?
• The extent to which two measures of the same trait or ability agree is called?
• An inductive and qualitative approach to analysis that involves identifying implicit or explicit ideas within the data; themes emerge once the data has been coded is?
• In which design are the same participants used in all the conditions?
• Which scale is described as consisting of statements with degrees of agreement on a fixed scale, typically 5 or 7 points?
• A procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies (comparing effect sizes) is called what?
• Which statement best describes within-subjects (related) designs?
• A measure of attitudes that consists of a series of bipolar rating scales with opposite terms on either end is known as the semantic differential.
• Nonparametric tests differ from parametric tests in that they use ranks of data. They are said to have what power relative to parametric equivalents?
• Standards of normal performance on psychometric instruments based on averages and ranges from a large representative sample are called what?
• Failing to reject a false null hypothesis, meaning a real difference is not found, is known as?